The U.S. and Israeli military operation in Iran, which has continued for almost two weeks, has plunged the country into a state of political suspended animation. After the death of Ali Khamenei, his second son, Mojtaba Khamenei, was officially declared the new leader of the Islamic Republic. Recent protests in Iran, in which, according to various estimates, up to 30,000 people died, showed that society has outgrown theocracy. But despite the unfolding hostilities in the Middle East and the partial destruction of the Iranian establishment, the Iranian people have no clear plan for the future. In her column for The Atlantic, journalist and historian Anne Applebaum asks what should be done with Iran when the smoke from the explosions clears.

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