Open borders and trust among European countries have long seemed natural. Yet this reality is fragile: it was built on the postwar idea of «never again» — a rejection of war and a commitment to human rights. Today that global ideal is colliding with a different logic: «never again to us.» Can these two understandings of «never again» be reconciled? Why has the experience of Israel, the United States, and several other countries proven fundamentally incompatible with Europe’s dream of perpetual peace? Is Europe ready for an internal transformation, and will the price of survival be a renunciation of its very essence? Historian Diana Pinto addressed these questions at a seminar of the School of Civic Education.

Read full article at Sapere Aude (in Russian)